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Winter 2024

ISSN 0890-913X

Volume 39, Number 4

Gender Disparities in Economic Freedom and Human Capital

Angela K. Dills, Western Carolina University

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Dills,AngelaK.2024.“GenderDisparitiesinEconomicFreedomandHumanCapital.”JournalofPrivateEnterprise,39(4):1–25.GenderDisparitiesinEconomicFreedomandHumanCapitalAngelaK.Dills*WesternCarolinaUniversityUnitedStatesofAmericaAbstractEconomicfreedomraisesincomesandeconomicgrowth,partlythroughincreasedhumancapitalinvestment.Whenmenandwomendifferintheeconomicfreedomtheyexperience,weexpectgirlsandboystofacedifferentreturnstohumancapitalinvestment.Usingcountry-levelpaneldataandcountryfixedeffects,Iestimatehowgenderdisparityineconomicfreedomaffectsgendergapsinhumancapitalaccumulation.Closinggenderdisparitiesineconomicfreedomraisesfemaleliteracyratesandmayimprovefemalelearningoutcomes.JELCodes:O15,E24,I2I.IntroductionInhigh-incomecountries,gendergapsineducationalattainmenthaveclosedandevenreversed,withwomenstayinginschoollongerthanmen(OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment2022).Inmuchoftherestoftheworld,however,womencontinuetolagbehindmeninliteracyrates,educationalattainment,andothermeasuresofhumancapital(UNESCO2022).Yetfemaleeducationisparticularlyimportantforeconomicdevelopment,withgendergapsineducationsignificantlyslowingeconomicgrowth(KlasenandLamanna2009;CuberesandTeignier2016).Inthispaper,Iexplorehowgenderdisparitiesineconomicfreedomaffectgendergapsineducation.Inplaceswherewomenareaffordedlesseconomicfreedomthanmen,weexpectthereturntoinvestinginhumancapitaltobelowerforgirls.TheempiricalanalysisusestheIndexofGenderDisparityinLegalRights(GDLR)andsexspecificmeasuresofeducationaloutcomesincludingtheWorldBank’sgloballyrepresentativeharmonizedlearningoutcomes(HLOs)*IthankMegTuszynskiandtheBridwellInstitutefortheirsupportofthisprojectandBradHumphreysforhisdetailedcommentsonanearlierversionofthispaper.

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Metadata [hide]

Title	Gender Disparities in Economic Freedom and Human Capital
Authors/Creators:	Angela K. Dills, Western Carolina University
Year:	2024
Volume:	39
Number:	4
Pages:	1 - 25
Publisher:	The Association of Private Enterprise Education
ISSN:	0890-913X
Document Type:	Articles

Citation:
K. Dills, Angela / 2024. "Gender Disparities in Economic Freedom and Human Capital." The Journal of Private Enterprise, 39(4): 1-25.